Intermediate In-Text Citations
Although in-text citations can seem quite simple with basic examples, they can be more challenging when you start interacting with texts in your field.
No date found
If you cannot find the date, you will write (n.d.) for the date.
- (Smith, n.d.)
- (Simon Fraser University, n.d.)
Multiple dates
Some sources will have two dates.
- Only enter the date that the document was last changed, not reviewed.
- If two dates are visible, ignore dates for when the source was last revised or reviewed
- Read more at APAStyle.org.
No stated author at all!
Sometimes you will look everywhere and can’t find any author – no organization, no name – nothing!
- In the author location, include the title of the source
- If the title is long, shorten it to fewer words.
- If it is the title of a short work, add quotation marks around it.
- If it’s something that would normally be italicized (see here for Referencing rules), then instead of quotes, italicize the title only.
- (“Why Pens Matter”, 2020)
- (Soapmaking Dictionary, 1850)